breed [democrat a-democrat] breed [republican a-republican] turtles-own [happiness pro cons] to setup clear-all set-default-shape democrat "person" set-default-shape republican "person" create-democrat initial-democrat [ set color blue set size 2.5 set happiness initial-happiness set pro dem-to-dem set cons dem-to-rep setxy random-xcor random-ycor ] create-republican initial-republican [ set color red set size 2.5 set happiness initial-happiness set pro rep-to-dem set cons rep-to-rep setxy random-xcor random-ycor ] reset-ticks end to go if (ticks > 10000) [ let DH democrat-happiness let DE democrat-empathy let RH republican-happiness let RE republican-empathy file-open "lovetrumpshate.csv" file-print (list (" ") (initial-democrat) (DH) (DE) (initial-republican) (RH) (RE) (" ")) file-close ;aca va la parte en donde un archivo se va llenando con la data relevante, average accuracy, numero de agentes, numero de link, bias, etc, etc etc. stop ] ask turtles [ move interact ] tick end to move ;; turtle procedure rt random 50 lt random 50 fd 1 end to interact if breed = democrat [ let hidemocrat one-of democrat-here if ((hidemocrat != nobody) and (hidemocrat != self)) [let val (pro / 3) ask hidemocrat [ set pro (pro + val) set happiness (happiness + val) if happiness > 100 [set happiness 100] if happiness < -100 [set happiness -100] if pro > 100 [set pro 100] if pro < -100 [set pro -100] ] ]] if breed = democrat [ let hirep one-of republican-here if hirep != nobody [let val (cons / 3) ask hirep [ set pro (pro + val) set happiness (happiness + val) if happiness > 100 [set happiness 100] if happiness < -100 [set happiness -100] if pro > 100 [set pro 100] if pro < -100 [set pro -100] ] ] ] if breed = republican [ let hidemocrat one-of democrat-here if hidemocrat != nobody [let val (pro / 3) ask hidemocrat [ set cons (cons + val) set happiness (happiness + val) if happiness > 100 [set happiness 100] if happiness < -100 [set happiness -100] if cons > 100 [set cons 100] if cons < -100 [set cons -100] ] ]] if breed = republican [ let hirep one-of republican-here if ((hirep != nobody) and (hirep != self)) [let val (cons / 3) ask hirep [ set cons (cons + val) set happiness (happiness + val) if happiness > 100 [set happiness 100] if happiness < -100 [set happiness -100] if cons > 100 [set cons 100] if cons < -100 [set cons -100] ] ] ] end to-report democrat-happiness let DH 0 ask democrat [set DH (DH + happiness) ] set DH (DH / initial-democrat) report DH end to-report republican-happiness let RH 0 ask republican [set RH (RH + happiness) ] set RH (RH / initial-republican) report RH end to-report democrat-empathy let DE 0 ask democrat [set DE (DE + cons) ] set DE (DE / initial-democrat) report DE end to-report republican-empathy let RE 0 ask republican [set RE (RE + pro) ] set RE (RE / initial-republican) report RE end ; Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ; See Info tab for full copyright and license. @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 275 118 1089 572 -1 -1 5.01 1 14 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -80 80 -44 44 1 1 1 ticks 30.0 BUTTON 19 27 88 60 setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 122 28 189 61 go go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 0 PLOT 1108 350 1686 698 Happiness time Avg. Happiness -100.0 100.0 -100.0 100.0 true true "" "" PENS "Democrats" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot democrat-happiness" "Republicans" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot republican-happiness" SLIDER 19 118 191 151 initial-democrat initial-democrat 0 100 90.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 19 235 194 268 initial-republican initial-republican 0 100 90.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 17 79 191 112 initial-happiness initial-happiness 0 100 0.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 32 156 204 189 dem-to-dem dem-to-dem -100 100 11.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 32 193 204 226 dem-to-rep dem-to-rep -100 100 0.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 35 312 207 345 rep-to-rep rep-to-rep -100 100 0.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 34 274 206 307 rep-to-dem rep-to-dem -100 100 -10.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL TEXTBOX 539 33 842 74 Love trumps Hate 30 0.0 1 PLOT 1106 10 1684 344 Empathy time Avg. empathy -100.0 100.0 -100.0 100.0 true true "" "" PENS "Dem to rep" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot democrat-empathy" "Rep to dem" 1.0 0 -5298144 true "" "plot republican-empathy" @#$#@#$#@ ## Does Love trump Hate? This short essay attempts to provide an answer to the guiding question by providing a very simple model for human interaction among different groups, and for empathic reactions and adjustments. The upshot is to study the conditions in which a population with different groups of people may overcome antipathy given some starting conditions. The model, although very simplistic, has the advantage of being very simple. Let us start with a total population of m individuals. This population is partitioned in k distinct groups 1, 2, 3, …, k; where each group i has a population mi and m1 + m2 + … + mk = m. Individuals of these groups walk freely through a space and have a certain chance of bumping into other individuals of any population. The simplest way to represent this is to say that the chances of an individual A to bump into a member of group i is the proportion of the total population of group i over the total population, namely mi / m. It is reasonable to object that due to segregation and other considerations these chances are unjustified; but let me proceed with the simplest case and the reader can adjust the framework for more complicated scenarios providing a “bumping” function of the relevant form. Now each individual is augmented with some empathy level for each of the groups in the population. These empathy levels are a numeric value that capture all the biases, stereotypes and preconceptions that individuals have about all the groups (including the one it belongs to). The basic idea of the model is that when two agents interact, they are nice or mean to each other according to the empathy level they have towards the group of the other agent. As a result of such interaction, their empathy levels are updated. If A was nice to B, then B will be happier and also will adjust positively its empathy level for A’s group. If A was mean to B, the opposite happens. Say GA and GB are A’s and B’s groups respectively. Also, let EA(GB) be the prior empathy that A has towards B’s group, and analogously for EB(GA). An interaction between A and B is a transformation of EA(GB) and EB(GA) into E’A(GB) and E’B(GA). This function seem natural: • E’A(GB) = EA(GB) + β.EB(GA) So A’s new perception of B’s group is a function of her previous one plus whether B treated her nicely or not – which is also a function of the empathy B has towards A’s group. β is just a positive parameter that felt relevant to add. Analogous functions are needed for B too. In general, the average empathy that members of GA will have over members of GB , and the converse, are: • AVE’A(GB) = AVEA(GB) + [mB / m].β.AVEB(GA) • AVE’B(GA) = AVEB(GA) + [mA / m].α.AVEA(GB) This gives us an Empathy Dynamics between the groups. Things can go very bad, very good or find some equilibrium. The question of whether love trumps hate can now be represented here. Suppose GA is a majority, so mA > mB. Also, suppose members of GA are highly biased against members of GA, so that AVEA(GB) < 0. What can members of GB do in order to compensate for their unpleasant situation? Well: Love. This is, compensate the hate of members of GA by treating them nicely. In a nutshell, have AVEA(GB) >> 0. How much love? Actually, a lot. They need to compensate for being a minority, for the terrible behavior of the A-people, and for the parameters α and β. But since A-people react positively to B-people’s niceness, there is room for hope. Details of the equilibria are left for the curious reader to solve. The approach can be easily generalized to a finite amount of groups. Also, I can provide some online simulations for the reader to enjoy visualizing the procedure. Does Love trump Hate? Yes, but loving can be very hard. ## The Present Model The present model only takes into account two classes: "red" and "blue". @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30 butterfly true 0 Polygon 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